| NCI glossary of Cancer-related Terms
The following comprehensive list of cancer-related terms was compiled by the National Cancer Institute PDQ, and may help you define terms you will hear during cancer diagnosis and treatment. You may click on a letter to go directly to a list of terms that begin with the letter indicated, or browse through the entire glossary of terms. [A] / [B]
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2IT-BAD monoclonal antibody 170: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. 3-dimensional: A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. 3F8 monoclonal antibody: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. 4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic antibiotics. 506U78: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. 9-cis retinoic acid: A drug being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. 90Y-DOTA-biotin: A radioactive substance (yttrium-90) joined by a large chemical link (DOTA) to biotin, a vitamin. A33 monoclonal antibody: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. abdomen (AB-do-men): The part of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. accelerated phase (ak-SEL-er-ay-ted): Refers to chronic myelogenous leukemia that is progressing. The number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than in the chronic phase, but not as high as in the blast phase. acetaminophen: A drug that reduces pain. acetylcysteine: A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. achlorhydria (a-klor-HY-dree-a): A lack of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juices in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps digest food. acitretin: A drug used in cancer prevention that belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. It is also used in the treatment of psoriasis. acoustic (ah-KOOS-tik): Related to sound or hearing. actinic keratosis (ak-TIN-ik ker-a-TOE-sis): A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. acupressure: The application of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body to control symptoms such as pain or nausea. Also used to stop bleeding. acupuncture: The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body in order to control pain and other symptoms. acustimulation: Mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. acute: Having severe symptoms and a short course; not chronic. acute leukemia: Cancer of the blood-forming tissue that progresses rapidly. acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. acyclovir: An antiviral agent used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex infections that may occur when the body is immunosuppressed. AD 32: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. adenocarcinoma (AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs. adenoid cystic cancer: A rare type of cancer that usually begins in the salivary glands. adenoma (ad-in-O-ma): A noncancerous tumor. adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. adjuvant therapy: Treatment given following the primary treatment to enhance the effectiveness of the primary treatment. Adjuvant therapy may be chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. adrenal glands (a-DREE-nal): A pair of small glands, one located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands produce hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, and other vital functions. adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. aflatoxins (AF-la-TOK-sins): Substances made by a fungus that is often found on poorly stored grains and nuts. Aflatoxins have been implicated as a factor in the etiology of primary liver cancer. AG3340: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. AG3340 is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. aggressive: A quickly growing cancer. aggressive lymphoma: A quickly growing cancer that arises in the cells of the lymphatic system. agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. agranulocyte (A-gran-yoo-lo-SITE): A type of white blood cell; monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes. AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. aldesleukin: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents. Also called interleukin-2 or IL-2. alendronate sodium: A drug that affects bone metabolism. It is used in treating osteoporosis and Paget's disease, and is being studied in the treatment of hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and in treating and reducing the risk of bone pain caused by cancer. Alendronate sodium belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. alkylating agents: A family of anticancer drugs that interferes with the cell's DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth. allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (AL-o-jen-AY-ik): A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cell develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. allopurinol: A drug that lowers high uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) levels in the blood caused by some cancer treatments or by gout. allovectin-7: A compound used for gene therapy. alpha-fetoprotein (AL-fa-FEE-toe-PRO-teen): A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. altretamine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. ALVAC-CEA vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing a canary pox virus (ALVAC) combined with the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene. alveoli (al-VEE-o-lye): Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. amifostine: A drug used as a chemoprotective drug to control some of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. amikacin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. aminocamptothecin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. aminoglutethimide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen to grow. aminolevulinic acid: A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells. aminopterin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. amoxicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. amphotericin B: An antifungal drug used to treat infection. amputation (am-pyoo-TAY-shun): Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. amsacrine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. amylase (AM-il-aze): An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis effects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often effects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. analgesics: Drugs that reduce pain. These drugs include aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. analogue: A chemical compound related in structure to another compound. anaplastic (an-ah-PLAS-tik) : A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells. anastomosis (an-AS-ta-MO-sis): A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. anastrozole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Anastrozole is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen to grow. androgens (AN-dro-jens): A family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. androgen suppression: Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones. Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles, by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs. Also called androgen ablation. anemia (a-NEE-mee-a): A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zha): Loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep. anesthetics (an-es-THET-iks): Substances that cause loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep. anetholtrithione: A drug that may reduce the risk of development or progression of cancer. angiogenesis (an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis): Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of a chemical by the tumor cells. angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a solid tumor. angiogram (AN-jee-o-gram): An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray. angiography (an-jee-AH-gra-fee): A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray pictures. angiosarcoma (AN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma): A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels. anhydrovinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. ansamycins: A group of anticancer drugs that belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic antibiotics. anterior mediastinotomy (MEE-dee-a-stin-AH-toe-mee): A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and spine. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called the Chamberlain procedure. anthracenediones: A subgroup of the family of anticancer drugs called anticancer antibiotics. anthracyclines: A subgroup of the family of anticancer drugs called antitumor antibiotics. anthraquinones: A family of anticancer drugs. antiandrogens (an-tee-AN-dro-jens): Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. antiandrogen therapy: Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. antiangiogenesis: Prevention of the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. antibiotics (an-tih-by-AH-tiks): Drugs used to treat infection. antibodies (AN-tih-BOD-ees): Proteins produced by certain white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens). Each antibody can bind only to a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies disable antigens directly. Others make the antigen more vulnerable to destruction by white blood cells. antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. anticancer antibiotics: A group of anticancer drugs that block cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called antitumor antibiotics or antineoplastic antibiotics. anti-CEA antibody: An antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein present on certain types of cancer cells. anticoagulants: Drugs that help prevent blood clots from forming. Also called blood thinners. anticonvulsants (an-tee-kon-VUL-sants): Drugs that prevent, reduce or stop convulsions or seizures. antiemetics: Drugs that prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting. antifungals: Drugs that treat infections caused by fungi. antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and cause the immune system to create antibodies. antimetabolites: A group of anticancer drugs that resemble nutrients that a cell needs to grow. Once inside the cell, they interfere with the dividing process and prevent cell growth. antineoplastic antibiotics: A group of anticancer drugs that block cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called anticancer antibiotics or antitumor antibiotics. antineoplastons: Substances isolated from normal human blood and urine being tested as a type of treatment for some tumors and AIDS. antiparasitics: Drugs used to treat bacterial and parasitic infections and some cancers. antisense c-fos: Synthetic genetic material that may slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. antithymocyte globulin (an-tee-THIGH-mo-site GLOB-yoo-lin): A protein used to reduce the risk of or to treat graft-versus-host disease. antivirals: Drugs used to treat infections caused by viruses. anus (AY-nus): The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. aplidine: An anticancer drug obtained from a marine animal. apoptosis (ap-o-TOE-sis): A normal series of events in a cell which lead to its death. areola (a-REE-o-la): The area of dark-colored skin on the breast that surrounds the nipple. arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. arterial embolization (ar-TEE-ree-al EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun): The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. arteriogram (ar-TEER-ee-o-gram): An x-ray of arteries; the person receives an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. arteriography (ar-TEE-ree-AH-gra-fee): A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. asbestos (as-BES-tus): A natural material that is made up of tiny fibers. The fibers can cause cancer. ascites (ah-SYE-teez): Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. asparaginase: An anticancer drug that is an enzyme. aspergillosis: An infectious fungal disease that occurs most often in the skin, ears, nasal sinuses, and lungs of persons with a suppressed immune system. aspirate (AS-pi-rit): Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst. aspiration (as-per-AY-shun): Removal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst, with a needle and a syringe. aspirin: A drug that reduces pain. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. astrocytomas (as-tro-sye-TOE-mas): Tumors that begin in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. ataxic gait (ah-TAK-sik): Awkward, uncoordinated walking. atypical hyperplasia (hy-per-PLAY-zha): A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number. autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. autologous bone marrow transplantation (aw-TAHL-o-gus): A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment. autologous lymphocytes: A person's white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease. autologous tumor cells: Cancer cells from the person's tumor. axilla (ak-SIL-a): The underarm or armpit. axillary (AK-sil-air-ee): Pertaining to the armpit. axillary dissection (AK-sil-air-ee): Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. axillary lymph node dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. axillary lymph nodes: Lymph nodes found in the armpit that drain the lymph channels from the breast. azacitidine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. B3 antigen: A protein found on some tumor cells. B43-BAP immunotoxin: A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them. bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. barium enema: A series of x-rays of the lower intestine. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person is given an enema with a white, chalky solution that contains barium. The barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays. barium solution: A liquid containing barium sulfate that is used in x-rays to highlight parts of the digestive system. barium swallow (eh-SOF-a-gram): A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called an esophagram. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the cells lining the lower part of the esophagus have changed or been replaced with abnormal cells that could lead to cancer of the esophagus. The backing up of stomach contents (reflux) may irritate the esophagus and over time cause Barrett's esophagus. basal cell carcinoma (BAY-sal sel kar-sin-O-ma): A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part, or base, of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. basal cells (BAY-sal): Small, round cells found in the lower part, or base, of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. batimastat: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Batimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. BAY 12-9566: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. B cells: White blood cells that develop from bone marrow and produce antibodies. Also called B lymphocytes. BCG vaccine: An anticancer drug (bacille calmette-Guerin) that activates the immune system. Filling the bladder with a solution of BCG is a form of biological therapy for superficial bladder cancer. BCL-2 antisense/G3139: A drug that may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that makes cancer cells live longer. benign (beh-NINE): Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. benign prostatic hyperplasia (hye-per-PLAY-zha): A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. benign tumor (beh-NINE): A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat soluble vitamins called carotenoids. bexarotene: An anticancer drug used to decrease the growth of some types of cancer cells. Also called LGD1069. Biafine cream: A topical preparation to reduce the risk of and treat skin reactions to radiation therapy. bicalutamide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens. bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. bilateral cancer: Cancer that occurs in both paired organs, such as both breasts or both ovaries. bile: A fluid made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is excreted into the small intestine where it helps digest fat. bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. biological response modifiers (by-o-LAHJ-i-kul): BRMs. Substances that stimulate the body's response to infection and disease. biological therapy (by-o-LAHJ-i-kul): Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also called immunotherapy or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. biopsy (BY-ahp-see): The removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When the whole tumor is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine if disease is present. bispecific antibodies: Antibodies developed in the laboratory to recognize more than one protein on the surface of different cells. Examples include bispecific antibodies 2B1, 520C9xH22, mDX-H210, and MDX447. bizelesin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. It is also an antitumor antibiotic. BL22 immunotoxin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bacterial immunotoxins. BL22 is a bacterial toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them. bladder: The organ that stores urine. blast crisis: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast phase. blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. bleomycin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. blood-brain barrier: A network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells that makes it difficult for potentially toxic substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate the blood vessel walls and enter the brain. blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. BMS-182751: A platinum compound used in chemotherapy. BMS-184476: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. bone marrow: The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of large bones that produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. bone marrow ablation: The destruction of bone marrow using radiation or drugs. bone marrow aspiration (as-per-AY-shun): The removal of a small sample of bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under a microscope. bone marrow biopsy (BY-ahp-see): The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope. bone marrow metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone marrow. bone marrow transplantation (trans-plan-TAY-shun): A procedure to replace bone marrow destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation. Transplantation may be autologous (the person's marrow saved before treatment), allogeneic (marrow donated by someone else), or syngeneic (marrow donated by an identical twin). bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. boron neutron capture therapy: A type of radiation therapy. The person is given an intravenous infusion containing the element boron, which concentrates in the tumor cells. The person then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons from a small research nuclear reactor. The radiation is absorbed by the boron, killing the tumor cells without harming normal cells. bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and large bowel. Also called the intestine. brachytherapy (BRAK-ih-THER-a-pee): Radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters, is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called internal radiation therapy or implant radiation. brain metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain. brain stem: The part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. brain stem glioma (glee-O-ma): A tumor located in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem). It may grow rapidly or slowly, depending on the grade of the tumor. brain stem tumor: A tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem). BRCA1: A gene located on chromosome 17 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. Inheriting an altered version of BRCA1 predisposes an individual to breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer. breast-conserving surgery: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy. Brief Pain Inventory: A questionnaire used to measure pain. bronchi (BRONK-eye): The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs. bronchioles (BRON-kee-olz): The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. bronchitis (bron-KYE-tis): Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. bronchoscope (BRON-ko-skope): A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the trachea and bronchi, the air passages that lead into the lungs. bronchoscopy (bron-KOS-ko-pee): A procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted through the nose or mouth. This allows examination of the inside of the trachea and bronchi, air passages that lead to the lung, as well as the lung. Bronchoscopy may be used to detect cancer or to perform some treatment procedures. bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. broxuridine: A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and is also used as a diagnostic agent to determine how fast cancer cells grow. bryostatin-1: A drug used for its antitumor activity. buccal mucosa (BUK-ul myoo-KO-sa): The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. Burkitt's lymphoma: A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that most often occurs in young people between the ages of 12 and 30. The disease usually causes a rapidly growing tumor in the abdomen. buserelin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin releasing hormones. In prostate cancer therapy, buserelin blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles. busulfan: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. buthionine sulfoximine: A drug that may help prevent resistance to some anticancer drugs. bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. C225 monoclonal antibody: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. CA-125: Substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. calcitonin: A hormone secreted by the thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels. calcitriol: A drug made in the lab that is chemically similar to vitamin D. calcium (KAL-see-um): A mineral found in teeth, bones, and other body tissues. calcium carbonate: A mineral taken primarily as a supplement to prevent osteoporosis. It is also being studied for cancer prevention. camptothecin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. camptothecin analogue: An anticancer drug related in structure to camptothecin, a topoisomerase inhibitor. One such drug is aminocamptothecin. cancer: A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. cancer of unknown primary origin: Cancer cells are found in the body, but the place where the cells first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be found. capecitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. capsaicin: A component of certain plants, including cayenne and red pepper, used topically for peripheral nerve pain. Also being studied for controlling mucositis pain following chemotherapy and radiation therapy. carbendazim: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents. carbogen: An inhalant of oxygen and carbon dioxide that increases the sensitivity of tumor cells to the effects of radiation therapy. carboplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds. carboxyamidotriazole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. carboxypeptidase-G2: A bacterial enzyme that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. It is used to neutralize the toxic effects of methotrexate. carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1: CAP-1. A protein that can stimulate an immune response to certain tumors. carcinogen (kar-SIN-o-jin): Any substance that causes cancer. carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. carcinoma (kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. carcinoma in situ (kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): Cancer that involves only the cells in which it began and has not spread to neighboring tissues. cardiac: Pertaining to the heart. cardiopulmonary: Pertaining to the heart and lungs. carmustine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. carotenoids: Substance found in yellow/orange fruits and vegetables and dark green leafy vegetables that may reduce the risk of developing cancer. cartilage (KAR-tih-lij): Firm, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints. A more flexible kind of cartilage connects muscles with bones and makes up other parts of the body, such as the larynx and the ears. carzelesin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. Castleman's disease: A rare disorder in which noncancerous growths develop in lymph node tissue. castration: Removal or destruction of the testicles or ovaries using radiation, surgery, or drugs. Medical castration refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles. catheter (KATH-et-er): A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. cauterization (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun): The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. CC-49 monoclonal antibody: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. CCI-779: An anticancer drug that inhibits the growth of cancer cells by preventing cell division. CD34 antigen: A protein found on the surface of some bone marrow and blood cells. CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen. A substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of people with certain cancers. CEA assay: A laboratory test to measure carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of people who have certain cancers. ceftriaxone: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied for cancer prevention. cell: The basic unit of any living organism. cell differentiation: The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function. cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces. central nervous system: CNS. The brain and spinal cord. central venous access catheter: A tube surgically placed into a blood vessel for the purpose of giving intravenous fluid and drugs. It also can be used to obtain blood samples. This device avoids the need for separate needle insertions for each infusion. CEP-2563 dihydrochloride: A growth factor antagonist that may stop tumor cells from growing. cephalexin: An antibiotic drug that belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporins. cephalosporins: A family of antibiotic drugs that is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. c-erbB-2: The gene that controls cell growth by making the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Also called HER2/neu. cerebellum (sair-uh-BELL-um): The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions. cerebral hemispheres (seh-REE-bral HEM-iss-feerz): The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. cerebrospinal fluid (seh-REE-bro-SPY-nal): CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. cerebrum (seh-REE-brum): The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (SER-vih-kul in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul NEE-o-play-zha): CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. cervix (SER-viks): The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. CGP 48664: An anticancer drug that may inhibit the growth of some tumors. chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time. chemoprevention (KEE-mo-pre-VEN-shun): The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of or delay the development or recurrence of cancer. chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. chemosensitivity assay: A laboratory test to analyze the responsiveness of a tumor to a specific drug. chemosensitizer: A drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy. chemotherapy (kee-mo-THER-a-pee): Treatment with anticancer drugs. chlorambucil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. cholangiosarcoma (ko-LAN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma): A tumor of the connective tissues of the bile ducts. chondrosarcoma (KAHN-dro-sar-KO-ma): A type of cancer that forms in cartilage. chordoma (kor-DO-ma): A type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal column. choriocarcinomar: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus following conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or molar pregnancy. choroid plexus tumor: A rare type of cancer that occurs in the ventricles of the brain. It usually occurs in children younger than 2 years old. chromosome (KRO-mo-some): Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. chronic leukemia (KRAHN-ik): Cancer of the blood-forming tissues that progresses slowly. chronic lymphoblastic lymphoma: A slowly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the body. chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells called lymphocytes are found in the body. chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. chronic myeloid leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. chronic phase (KRAHN-ik): Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia: A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia that may last from several months to several years. Although there may be no symptoms of leukemia, there are too many white blood cells. cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. cimetidine: A drug usually used to treat stomach ulcers. It is also commonly used in a regimen to prevent allergic reactions. ciprofloxacin: An anti-infective drug that is also being studied in bladder cancer chemotherapy. cirrhosis: A type of liver disease. cisplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds. cladribine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. clarithromycin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called macrolides. clinical trial: A research study that evaluates the effectiveness of new interventions in people. Each study is designed to evaluate new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer. clodronate: A drug used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). It may decrease pain, the risk of fractures, and the development of new bone metastases. CMA-676: An anticancer drug used in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. CNS: Central nervous system. The brain and spinal cord. CNS metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the central nervous system. CNS prophylaxis (pro-fih-LAK-sis): Chemotherapy or radiation therapy given to the central nervous system (CNS) as a preventive treatment. It is given to kill cancer cells that may be in the brain and spinal cord, even though no cancer has been detected there. CNS tumors: Tumors of the central nervous system, including brain stem glioma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma. coactivated T cells: T cells that have been coated with monoclonal antibodies to enhance their ability to kill tumor cells. COL-3: An anticancer drug that may stop tumor growth by preventing the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. colectomy (ko-LEK-toe-mee): An operation to remove all or part of the colon. An open colectomy is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. It allows the surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision. colon (KO-lun): The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. colonoscope (ko-LAHN-o-skope): A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the colon. colonoscopy (ko-lun-AHS-ko-pee): An examination of the inside of the colon using a thin, lighted tube (called a colonoscope) inserted into the rectum. If abnormal areas are seen, tissue can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine if disease is present. colony-stimulating factors: Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells. Colony-stimulating factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also called G-CSF and filgrastim), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim), and promegapoietin. colorectal (ko-lo-REK-tul): Related to the colon and rectum. colostomy (ko-LAHS-toe-mee): An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. colposcope: A lighted magnifying instrument used for examination of the vagina and cervix. colposcopy (kul-PAHS-ko-pee): Examination of the vagina and cervix using a lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope. combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. combretastatin A4 phosphate: An anticancer drug that reduces the blood supply to tumors; it is a tubulin binding agent. common bile duct: Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called complete response. complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called complete remission. compression bandage: A bandage designed to provide pressure to a particular area. computed tomography (tuh-MAH-gra-fee): A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computed tomography (CT) scan or computed axial tomography (CAT) scan. condylomata acuminata (kahn-dih-LO-ma-ta a-kyoo-mih-NA-ta): Genital warts caused by certain human papillomaviruses. cone biopsy: Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Cone biopsy may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called conization. congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. conization (ko-nih-ZAY-shun): Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Conization may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called cone biopsy. consolidation therapy: Chemotherapy treatments given after induction chemotherapy to further reduce the number of cancer cells. continent reservoir (KAHN-tih-nent RES-er-vwar): A pouch formed from a piece of small intestine to hold urine after the bladder has been removed. continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion: CHPP. A procedure that bathes the abdominal cavity in fluid that contains anticancer drugs. This fluid is warmer than body temperature. This procedure appears to kill cancer cells without harming normal cells. continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. cooperative group: A group of physicians and/or hospitals formed to treat a large number of persons in the same way so that new treatment can be evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single physician or hospital can care for. cordycepin: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample with a needle for examination under a microscope. corpus: The body of the uterus. corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. Corynebacterium granulosum: A bacterium that may stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. craniopharyngioma (KRAY-nee-o-fah-rin-jee-O-ma): A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. craniotomy (kray-nee-AH-toe-mee): An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. crisnatol mesylate: An anticancer drug that interferes with the DNA in cancer cells. Crohn's disease: Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly the bowel. Crohn's disease increases risk for colon cancer. cryosurgery (KRYE-o-SIR-jer-ee): Treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues. This procedure is a form of cryotherapy. cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. cryptorchidism (kript-OR-kid-izm): A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain. CT scan: Computed tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computed axial tomography (CAT) scan. curettage (kyoo-reh-TAHZH): Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. curette (kyoo-RET): A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. cutaneous (kyoo-TAY-nee-us): Related to the skin. cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: A disease in which certain cells of the lymph system (called T lymphocytes) become cancerous (malignant) and affect the skin. cyclophosphamide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. cyproterone acetate: A drug used to block the production of or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. cyst (sist): A sac or capsule filled with fluid. cystectomy (sis-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the bladder. cystoscope (SIS-toe-skope): A thin, lighted instrument used to look inside the bladder and remove tissue samples or small tumors. cystoscopy (sist-AHS-ko-pee): Examination of the bladder using a thin, lighted instrument (called a cystoscope) inserted into the urethra. Tissue samples can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine if disease is present. cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. cytokines: Diverse and potent chemical messengers secreted by the cells of the immune system. Cytokines are also produced by recombinant DNA technology and given to people to modulate immune response. cytomegalovirus: A virus that may be carried in an inactive state for life by healthy individuals. It is a cause of severe pneumonia in people with a suppressed immune system, such as those undergoing bone marrow transplantation or people with leukemia or lymphoma. cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells. cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. cytotoxic T cells: A type of white blood cell that can directly destroy specific cells. T cells can be separated from other blood cells and grown in the laboratory and then be given to the person to destroy tumor cells. Certain cytokines can also be given to people to assist in the formation of cytotoxic T cells within the person's body. D-20761: A synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist that suppresses LH and sex steroid levels. dacarbazine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. dactinomycin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. dalteparin: A drug that helps prevent the formation of blood clots; it belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants. danazol: A synthetic hormone that belongs to the family of drugs called androgens and is used to treat endometriosis. It is being evaluated in the treatment of endometrial cancer. daunorubicin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. decapeptyl: Belongs to the family of drugs called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Used to block hormone production in ovarian ablation. decitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. deferoxamine: An iron chelating agent that removes iron from tumors by inhibiting DNA synthesis and causing cancer cell death. It is used in conjunction with other anticancer agents in pediatric neuroblastoma therapy. defibrotide: A drug under study for the prevention of veno-occlusive disease, a rare complication of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in which small veins in the liver become blocked. deoxycytidine: A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. DepoFoam-encapsulated cytarabine: The anticancer drug cytarabine formulated inside small particles of a synthetic lipid material called DepoFoam. This dosage form slowly releases the drug and provides a sustained action. depsipeptide: Anticancer drugs obtained from microorganisms. dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin. dermatologist (der-ma-TAH-lo-jist): A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. dermis (DER-mis): The lower or inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin. desferrioxamine: A drug that inhibits tumor cell growth by preventing the nutrient iron from being metabolized. desmoid tumor: A tumor of the tissue that surrounds muscles, usually in the abdomen. Desmoid tumors rarely metastasize. dexamethasone: A synthetic corticosteroid; it is used in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma and may be used for the management of some of the complications of other cancers and their treatment. dexrazoxane: A drug used to protect the heart from the toxic effects of anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin. It belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. dextromethorphan acetic acid:An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. diabetes (dye-a-BEE-teez): A disease in which the body does not properly control the amount of sugar in the blood. As a result, the level of sugar in the blood is too high. This disease occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or does not use it properly. diagnosis: The process of identifying a disease by the signs and symptoms. diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. diagnostic trial: A research study that evaluates methods of detecting disease. dialysis (dye-AL-ih-sis): The process of cleansing the blood when the kidneys are not able to filter the blood. diaphragm (DYE-a-fram): The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen. diathermy (DYE-a-ther-mee): The use of heat to destroy abnormal cells. Also called cauterization or electrodiathermy. diaziquone: AZQ. An anticancer drug that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and kill cancer cells in the central nervous system. didanosine: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. di-dgA-RFB4 monoclonal antibody: An anticancer drug that is a combination of a monoclonal antibody (RFB4) and an immunotoxin (dgA). diethylstilbestrol (dye-ETH-ul-stil-BES-trol): DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma in daughters of women who had used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. differentiation: In cancer, refers to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and grow at a slower rate than undifferentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably. difluoromethylornithine: DFMO. An anticancer drug that has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer in animals. digestive system (dye-JES-tiv): The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, intestines, and rectum. digestive tract (dye-JES-tiv): The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. digital rectal examination: DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. dihematoporphyrin ether: A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells. dilation and curettage (dye-LAY-shun and kyoo-reh-TAHZH): D&C. A minor operation in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage). dilator (DYE-lay-tor): A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. dimesna: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. dimethylxanthenone acetic acid: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. dipyridamole: A drug that prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents. disease progression: Cancer that continues to grow or spread. distant cancer: Refers to cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. disulfiram: A drug that slows the metabolism of retinoids, allowing them to act over a longer period of time. diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. A molecule that carries genetic information. docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. dolastatin 10: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. dose-rate: The strength of a treatment given over a period of time. double-blinded: A doubled-blinded trial is a clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. douche (DOOSH): A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. Down syndrome: A disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical features. doxorubicin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. doxycycline: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. DPPE: Belongs to a group of antihormone drugs. dronabinol: A synthetic pill form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient in marijuana that is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. dry orgasm: Sexual climax without the release of semen. DTGM fusion protein: An anticancer drug formed by the combination of diphtheria toxin and a colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The colony stimulating factor is attracted to cancer cells and the diphtheria toxin kills the cells. duct (dukt): A tube through which body fluids pass. ductal carcinoma in situ (DUK-tal kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma. dumping syndrome: A group of symptoms that occur when food or liquid enters the small intestine too rapidly. These symptoms include cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness. Dumping syndrome sometimes occurs in people who have had a portion of their stomach removed. duodenum (doo-o-DEE-num): The first part of the small intestine. DX-52-1: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. DX-8951f: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. dysplasia (dis-PLAY-zha): Cells that look abnormal under a microscope, but are not cancer. dysplastic nevi (dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye): Atypical moles; moles whose appearance is different from that of common moles. Dysplastic nevi are generally larger than ordinary moles and have irregular and indistinct borders. Often their color is not uniform, and ranges from pink to dark brown; they usually are flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface. dyspnea: Difficult, painful breathing, or shortness of breath. echocardiography: A procedure that uses ultrasonic waves directed over the chest wall to obtain a graphic record of the heart's position, motion of the walls, or internal parts such as the valves. ecteinascidin 743: An anticancer drug that inhibits the growth of cancer cells by disrupting the structure of tumor cell DNA. edatrexate: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antimetabolites. edema (eh-DEE-ma): Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues. edrecolomab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory- produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. EF5: A drug that is used to plan cancer treatment by measuring oxygen levels in tumor cells. eflornithine: An antiprotozoal drug that is being studied for cancer prevention. ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. electrodesiccation (e-LEK-tro-des-ih-KAY-shun): The drying of tissue by a high-frequency electric current applied with a needle-shaped electrode. electrolarynx (e-LEK-tro-LAIR-inks): A battery-operated instrument that makes a humming sound. An electrolarynx is used to help persons who have had the voice box (larynx) removed. electroporation therapy: EPT. Treatment that generates electrical pulses through an electrode placed in a tumor to enhance the ability of anticancer drugs to enter tumor cells. embolization (EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun): The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. emitefur: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. enalapril: An antihypertensive agent that can also be used to slow or prevent the progression of heart disease in people with childhood cancer treated with drugs that may be harmful to the heart. encapsulated (en-KAP-soo-lay-ted): Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. endocervical curettage (en-do-SER-vih-kul kyoo-reh-TAHZH): The scraping of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette. endocrine cancer: Cancer that occurs in endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body that secretes hormones. endocrinologist (en-do-krih-NAH-lo-jist): A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone disorders. endometrial disorder: Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). endometriosis (en-do-mee-tree-O-sis): A benign condition in which tissue that looks like endometrial tissue grows in abnormal places in the abdomen. endometrium (en-do-MEE-tree-um): The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. endoscope (EN-do-skope): A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (en-do-SKAH-pik RET-ro-grade ko-LAN-jee-o-PAN-kree-a-TAW-gra-fee): ERCP. A procedure to x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken. endoscopy (en-DAHS-ko-pee): The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the body. eniluracil: An anticancer drug that increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil. Also called ethynyluracil. enterostomal therapist (en-ter-o-STO-mul): A health professional trained in the care of persons with urostomies and other stomas. environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. enzyme: A substance that affects the rate at which chemical changes take place in the body. ependymal tumors: A type of brain tumor that usually begins in the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and spinal cord. Also called ependymomas. ependymomas (eh-PEN-dih-MO-ma): A type of brain tumor that usually begins in the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and spinal cord. Also called ependymal tumors. epidermal growth factor receptor: A protein found on the surface of some breast cancer cells that allows epidermal growth factor to stimulate cell growth. Also called HER2/neu or c-erb B-2. epidermis (ep-i-DER-mis): The upper or outer layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin. epidermoid carcinoma (ep-i-DER-moyd kar-sin-O-ma): A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. epidural block: An injection of an anesthetic drug given into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. epiglottis (ep-ih-GLAH-tis): The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs. epinephrine: A hormone. Also called adrenaline. epirubicin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. epithelial (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul): Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. epithelial carcinoma (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in the cells that line an organ. epithelial ovarian cancer (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul): Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. epithelium (EP-ih-THEE-lee-um): A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body. epoetin alfa: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents. Epstein-Barr virus: EBV. A common virus that remains dormant in most people. It has been associated with certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. erb-38 immunotoxin: A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them. ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (en-do-SKAH-pik RET-ro-grade ko-LAN-jee-o-PAN-kree-a-TAW-gra-fee). A procedure to x-ray the bile and pancreatic ducts. In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken. erythrocytes (eh-RITH-ro-sites): Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called red blood cells (RBCs). erythroleukemia (eh-RITH-ro-loo-KEE-mee-a): Cancer of the blood-forming tissues in which large numbers of immature, abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. erythroplakia (eh-RITH-ro-PLAY-kee-a): A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth. erythropoietin: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents. esophageal (eh-SOF-a-JEE-al): Related to the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. esophageal speech (eh-SOF-a-JEE-al): Speech produced by trapping air in the esophagus and forcing it out again. It is used by persons who have had their voice box (larynx) removed. esophagectomy (eh-sof-a-JEK-toe-mee): An operation to remove a portion of the esophagus. esophagoscopy (eh-sof-a-GAHS-ko-pee): Examination of the esophagus using a thin, lighted tube. esophagram (eh-SOF-a-gram): A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called a barium swallow. esophagus (eh-SOF-a-gus): The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. estramustine: A combination of the hormone estradiol (an estrogen) and nitrogen mustard (an anticancer drug). Used in the palliative therapy of prostate cancer. estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. estrogen receptor negative: ER-. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites. estrogen receptor positive: ER+. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites. estrogen replacement therapy: ERT. Hormones (estrogen and/or progesterone) given to postmenopausal women, or women who have had their ovaries surgically removed. Hormones are given to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries. estrogens (ES-tro-jins): A family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics. etanidazole: A drug that increases the effectiveness of radiation therapy. ethynyluracil: An anticancer drug that increases the effectiveness of fluorouracil. Also called eniluracil. etidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Bisphosphosphonates are used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). etiology: The cause or origin of disease. etoposide: An anticancer drug that is a podophyllotoxin derivative and belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. evaluable disease: Disease that cannot be measured directly by the size of the tumor but can be evaluated by other methods specific to a particular clinical trial. Ewing's sarcoma (YOO-ingz sar-KO-ma): A type of bone cancer that usually forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). excisional biopsy (EX-sih-zhon-al BY-ahp-see): The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. exemestane: An anticancer drug used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors. extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: Cancer that has spread outside the lung to other tissues in the chest or to other parts of the body. external-beam radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. external radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun): Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external-beam radiation. fallopian tubes (fa-LO-pee-in): Part of the female reproductive tract. The long slender tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. familial dysplastic nevi (fa-MI-lee-yul dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye): A condition that runs in certain families in which at least two members have dysplastic nevi (atypical moles) and have a tendency to develop melanoma. familial polyposis (pah-li-PO-sis): An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer. Fanconi anemia: A rare and often fatal inherited disease in which the bone marrow fails to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or a combination of these cells. The disease may transform into myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia. fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. fazarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. fecal occult blood test (FEE-kul o-KULT): A test to check for blood in stool. (Fecal refers to stool. Occult means hidden.) fenretinide: A drug being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. fertility (fer-TIL-i-tee): The ability to produce children. fetus (FEET-us): The unborn child developing in the uterus. fiber: The parts of fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested. Also called bulk or roughage. Fiber may be used as a cancer prevention agent. fibroid (FYE-broyd): A benign tumor made up of fibrous and muscular tissue. fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. fibrosis: The growth of fibrous tissue. filgrastim: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents. Also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). finasteride: A drug used to reduce the amount of male hormone (testosterone) produced by the body. fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. flavopiridol: Belongs to the family of anticancer drugs called flavinols. flecainide: A drug that is used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. It may also relieve neuropathic pain, the burning, stabbing, or stinging pain that may arise from damage to nerves caused by some types of cancer or cancer treatment. floxuridine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. flt3L: A drug that increases the number of immune cells, and may stimulate the immune system to kill cancer cells. fluconazole: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. flucytosine: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. fludarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. fludeoxyglucose F 18: The radioactive form of glucose used in positron emission tomography (PET), a diagnostic imaging procedure. fludrocortisone: A synthetic corticosteroid. It is used to replace steroid hormones normally produced by the adrenal gland. fluoroscope (FLOOR-o-skope): An x-ray machine that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion. fluoroscopy (floor-AHS-ko-pee): An x-ray procedure that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion. fluorouracil (floor-o-YOOR-a-sil): An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. |